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Toussaint Louverture

Toussaint LouvertureLiberty, Equality, Fraternity! The slaves of Haiti took the motto of the French Revolution literally in 1791. One of them was Toussaint Bréda. As a military leader, he took command of the uprising in the French colony. Toussaint adopted the surname L'Ouverture: the one who opens the way. Through shifting alliances, he achieved the position of commander-in-chief in Haiti in 1797. Four years later, after the occupation of Santo Domingo, he controlled the entire island of Hispaniola. But the First Consul in France did not accept this self-confident freedom fighter with a tendency toward authoritarianism. Toussaint was arrested on the orders of Napoleon and deported to France. There, he was imprisoned in Fort de Joux, a fortress in the French Jura. The Black Napoleon did not withstand the inhuman prison conditions for long. He died in his cell.

1743 - 1803

Signature of Toussaint Louverture

Quotes

The Convention declares slavery abolished in all colonies. All men, without distinction of color, are French citizens and enjoy the rights enshrined in the Constitution.
Decree of the National Convention, February 4, 1794

I was born a slave, but nature gave me the soul of a free man.
Toussaint, in a letter dated August 26, 1797

With my downfall, you have cut down the tree of black liberty in Saint-Domingue. It will grow again from its roots, for they are many and deep.
Toussaint, after his arrest, 1802

Le Moniteur

Septidi, 17 Pluviôse, l'an 2 de la République Française une et indivisible

→ gallica.bnf.fr

Dictatorial Proclamation




Cap Français, 4 Frimaire, Year X
(November 25, 1801)

Idleness is the source of all disorder, and if it is tolerated even in one single person, I shall hold the military commanders responsible, for I am convinced that those who tolerate idlers and vagrants are secret enemies of the government.

Any commander who, during the recent conspiracy, knew of the impending disturbances and tolerated looting and murders, or who, though he could have prevented the uprising, allowed the law—which declares the life, property, and asylum of every citizen sacred and inviolable—to be broken, shall be brought before a special tribunal and punished according to the law of August 10, 1801.

Any Creole, man or woman, convicted of statements likely to disturb public peace but not deserving of death, shall be sent to field labor for six months with a chain on one foot.

In all municipalities of the colony where there is a municipal administration, all residents, regardless of status or rank, must obtain a security card.

Any domestic servant who, upon leaving the house in which he served, is not deemed worthy of receiving a certificate of good conduct shall be declared ineligible to obtain a security card.

Two weeks after the publication of the present law, any person found without a security card shall be sent to the fields if a Creole; and if a foreigner, they shall be expelled from the colony without any form of trial, unless they prefer to serve in the line troops.

All generals, military commanders, and all civil authorities of all departments are required, under their personal responsibility and under penalty of disobedience, to ensure with the utmost severity the full and flawless implementation of all these provisions.

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Jan Knupper 2025 | CCXXXIV